The mining industry is the economic sector that includes the exploration and mining operations. It relates to extraction of minerals, rare earth metals including, for example copper, iron or gold. Its activity is framed in most countries by a Mining Code (mine surveys). It is an important source of revenue (direct and indirect) of water pollution, air, soil and ecosystems by metals.
The copper mines of Iberian Peninsula were already 2500 BC. Chr. Developed by a Copper Age culture (Los Millares). From here the Bell Beaker people spread metallurgical skills in Europe. In ancient times, the silver mines of Laurion were famous. There slaves worked for the Athens citizens. The Romans exploited the old mines in Tartessos, in Britain and Dacia (Romania) and further developed in other provinces new.
Since the development and exploitation of mineral deposits is very time consuming and expensive, it is to have a high contract and investment security for mining companies of concern. This contrasts with the interests of state to achieve the highest taxes from mining. Customer and recipient countries want security of supply and low prices.
There are two basic legal concepts and conflict resolution mechanisms in terms of local ownership of natural resources: the principle of mountain shelf and / or mountain freedom. The raw materials are decoupled from real property. The mineral resources are claimed by either the rulers (Bergregal) or State (State of title) and can be given, or they are considered abandoned, with a title tom but produced only by state ceremony.
The principle of landowners mining. Here is why the owner of owner of resource. On public lands acquired by the Finder claims to its discovery. This view is from English common law. The French Civil Code and the style similar legal systems represent an intermediate view. The above-ground mineral resources belong to landowner, the underground to State. Depending on the location, history and development of raw materials, this results in conflicts due to different legal traditions, local authorities and contractual arrangements. The discovery and possible development of extensive natural resources can exacerbate existing territorial conflicts and problematic boundary issues, as well as lead to new legal instruments.
One example is the 200-mile zone called by coastal States. Successful cross-border conflict rules such as the European Coal and Steel Community (as a forerunner of EU), the North Sea oil or the Svalbard Treaty established a stable basis for international cooperation.
A natural tendency is to look for valuable metals (gold, platinum ...) The race for the most sought gold metal ranks first with 47% of global mineral exploration expenditures 4 this rate can be much higher in some countries (over 60% in Quebec in 2005 5. The jewelry would even the first engine of global demand for gold: more than 80% of gold mined each year is transformed .
Basically, an infrastructure must be created in establishment of a mine regardless of type of raw material extraction, which allows the removal. If the mining area - as is often the case today - is in remote wilderness regions, already the construction of roads or railways and the creation of workers' settlements inevitably leads to a far-reaching influence on the natural environment. Experience shows that along the roads over time more plants of various kinds and thus new settlements and other roads arise, at least reinforce the parcelling of natural landscapes and habitat destruction, more and more.
The copper mines of Iberian Peninsula were already 2500 BC. Chr. Developed by a Copper Age culture (Los Millares). From here the Bell Beaker people spread metallurgical skills in Europe. In ancient times, the silver mines of Laurion were famous. There slaves worked for the Athens citizens. The Romans exploited the old mines in Tartessos, in Britain and Dacia (Romania) and further developed in other provinces new.
Since the development and exploitation of mineral deposits is very time consuming and expensive, it is to have a high contract and investment security for mining companies of concern. This contrasts with the interests of state to achieve the highest taxes from mining. Customer and recipient countries want security of supply and low prices.
There are two basic legal concepts and conflict resolution mechanisms in terms of local ownership of natural resources: the principle of mountain shelf and / or mountain freedom. The raw materials are decoupled from real property. The mineral resources are claimed by either the rulers (Bergregal) or State (State of title) and can be given, or they are considered abandoned, with a title tom but produced only by state ceremony.
The principle of landowners mining. Here is why the owner of owner of resource. On public lands acquired by the Finder claims to its discovery. This view is from English common law. The French Civil Code and the style similar legal systems represent an intermediate view. The above-ground mineral resources belong to landowner, the underground to State. Depending on the location, history and development of raw materials, this results in conflicts due to different legal traditions, local authorities and contractual arrangements. The discovery and possible development of extensive natural resources can exacerbate existing territorial conflicts and problematic boundary issues, as well as lead to new legal instruments.
One example is the 200-mile zone called by coastal States. Successful cross-border conflict rules such as the European Coal and Steel Community (as a forerunner of EU), the North Sea oil or the Svalbard Treaty established a stable basis for international cooperation.
A natural tendency is to look for valuable metals (gold, platinum ...) The race for the most sought gold metal ranks first with 47% of global mineral exploration expenditures 4 this rate can be much higher in some countries (over 60% in Quebec in 2005 5. The jewelry would even the first engine of global demand for gold: more than 80% of gold mined each year is transformed .
Basically, an infrastructure must be created in establishment of a mine regardless of type of raw material extraction, which allows the removal. If the mining area - as is often the case today - is in remote wilderness regions, already the construction of roads or railways and the creation of workers' settlements inevitably leads to a far-reaching influence on the natural environment. Experience shows that along the roads over time more plants of various kinds and thus new settlements and other roads arise, at least reinforce the parcelling of natural landscapes and habitat destruction, more and more.
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